{"id":204,"thumbnail":"https://jilailawyer.com//rails/active_storage/blobs/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaHBBaEFEIiwiZXhwIjpudWxsLCJwdXIiOiJibG9iX2lkIn19--0b2695b97e9f29b7383dbe82932506b1577279a2/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB.jpg","title_zh":"什么是预期利益，如何赔偿预期利益损失？","title_en":"What is Expected Benefit and how to compensate for loss of Expected Benefit?","content_zh":"\u003cp align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt; text-align:left; margin:0cm\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left; margin:0cm\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e01、什么是预期利益\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left; margin:0cm\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e预期利益，指缔约时可以预见到的履行利益，又称可得利益或间接损失。违约责任中补偿性法定赔偿金由实际损失和预期利益的损失构成。预期利益是在正常情况下可以合理预见的利益，但并不必须是必定发生的利益。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e02、如何赔偿预期利益损失\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e（一）利润损失\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e利润是经营者通过一定的生产经营活动所得的财产收益，它一般以货币计算和衡量。在我国，利润产生于生产和流通领域。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e企业或其他各种经营者从事生产经营活动，是赚取利润的条件，无论违约还是侵害行为，都会在一定程度或一定范围内造成经营者生产经营活动的中断或从事该活动的基础(即财产)和条件的丧失，从而导致利润损失。利润损失是预期利益损失中最典型、最常见、数量也最多的一种形式。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e利润的性质决定了遭受利润损失的受害者只能是从事一定生产经营活动的企业法人、其他经济组织以及个体经营者和承包经营者等。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e（二）孳息（zī xī）损失\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e孳息是由原物所产生的收益。违法行为对正常情况下能够产生孳息的财产造成损害时，同时也会导致孳息的损失。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e从民法上看，孳息有\u003cstrong\u003e自然孳息和法定孳息\u003c/strong\u003e。由于自然孳息往往具有周而复始，甚至不断递增的特点，如母畜产仔、母鸡生蛋等。因此，对这种损失的范围应有必要的合理的限制。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e一般来说，自然孳息损失应限定为与财产本体直接相联或者处于同一生产周期的损失，也即只计算在违法损害行为发生时财产本体(原物)所带的孳息，如\u003cstrong\u003e母畜死亡时所怀的仔畜，果树被损坏时所结的幼果\u003c/strong\u003e等。至于受害人可能获得的以后循环周期中的孳息，由于在损害行为发生时尚没有具有足够的取得条件，而且其范围也无法估量，所以一般不宜赔偿。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e法定孳息是随着时间进程以原物为基础按一定比率或一定数量增生的，如利息、租金等。这种损失范围(损失量)较容易确定和计算，而且一般来说争议也较少。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e（三）其他收益损失\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e主要指侵害工业产权，包括专利权和商标权而给权利人造成的预期利益损失。它的特点是侵权人并没有给权利人的财产造成直接损害，而是表现为未经权利人许可，非法制造、销售他人专利产品或使用他人注册商标，使得权利人依据该专利权和商标权可以获得的收益没有获得。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e（四）为消除潜在的损害后果而支出的有关费用\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e在预期利益损失的赔偿中，还应当包括受害人在未来过程中为消除违法行为所造成的潜在危害后果而支出的有关费用。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e以环境污染为例，造成农田污染，不仅使现有农作物减产、死亡，还会造成农田肥力减退、丧失。要把污染农田恢复到原有的土质和肥力，必须经过一定时期的改良和追加肥料，而在恢复地力过程中，受害人不仅应当取得的收益减少，而且还需要增加大量的人力和物力。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e这种受害人为消除潜在的污染危害后果而必须耗费的人力和物力，也应视为预期利益损失，令加害方赔偿。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e03、预期可得利益赔偿的法律依据\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e预期可得利益赔偿成就的条件有哪些呢，除了那几个要件以外的成就预期可得利益赔偿还需具备的其他条件有什么呢？\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e根据原《经济合同法》及相关法律规定，预期可得利益本来是被排除在可以进行工程索赔的费用之外的。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e但1999年10月1日起实行的《合同法》改变了这种状况，其第13条规定：\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ldquo;当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。\u0026rdquo;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e该规定第一次以法律的形式明确了国内经济合同的预期可得利益可以索赔，为承包人进行预期可得利益索赔奠定了法律基础。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e04、预期可得利益赔偿成就的条件\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e《合同法》颁布以后，可得利益的赔偿确实有了一定的保障，但《合同法》113条在错综复杂、形式多样的现实情况中的适用却是相当混乱，有些案例甚至令人读来捧腹。这就向广大的司法工作者提出一个十分迫切的问题，那就是什么情况下，\u003cstrong\u003e我们能适用这一规定？什么情况下又根本不能适用？\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e下面，我们便就这一问题详述之。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e可得利益赔偿是对一方违约造成另一方损失的一种救济，那么可想而知，适用可得利益赔偿，首先必须具备违约责任的构成要件，那就是：\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e1、违约行为;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e2、损害结果;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e3、违约行为与损害结果之间有因果关系;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e4、违约方无免责事由。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e以上四个要件，现有的法学理论已经论述得十分清楚，此处不赘。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e下面，我们就除以上四个要件以外的成就预期可得利益赔偿还需具备的其他条件详细分析一下：\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e1、 合同合法有效\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e合同合法有效是指合同是正常订立并已生效的受法律保护的合同。因为只有在合同合法有效的情况下，合同双方才可以期待可能得到的合法利益。如果合同不合法或未生效，或成立后因有无效情形而追溯至自始无效，那么合同就不被法律所保护，或不具有被完全适当履行的可能性，就不可能产生违约责任，更不可能出现\u0026ldquo;合同履行后可以获得的利益\u0026rdquo;。即使当事人期待这种利益，法律也是不予保护的，此时，赔偿的目的只是使受损方回复至\u0026ldquo;原有状态\u0026rdquo;，而不是合同履行后的\u0026ldquo;应有状态\u0026rdquo;。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e《合同法》第58条对合同无效或被撤销的情形应负的赔偿责任做了明确规定，从该法条的内容可以看出，这种责任情况下，不应包括对可得利益的赔偿。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e但司法实践中，在合同无效情况下，仍判决赔偿可得利益损失的案例并不鲜见。这在山东省高级人民法院审判的一起商品房预售纠纷案件⑥中就曾出现，该案中甲公司和乙公司共同签订了《商品房团体预售协议》，该协议签订时，甲公司未取得《预售许可证》，并且直至起诉时仍未取得。山东省高级人民法院在判决该协议因违反《城市房地产管理法》第44条等法律法规的强制性、禁止性规定而无效的同时，却判决甲公司赔偿乙公司损失1061万元（虽然省高院在措辞上始终没有使用\u0026ldquo;可得利益\u0026rdquo;四个字，但据其整个判决书的内容及其计算方法来推断，该项赔偿即是对可得利益的赔偿。）无疑是于法无据的。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e在该案中，双方在签订预售合同之初便都明知该合同违反法律强制性规定而无效，因此，其期待的是一种不法利益、是不受法律保护的。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e对因合同无效而引发的损失，甲乙双方应按《合同法》第58条规定各自承担责任，这种责任是对违法缔约行为所引起的损失承担的赔偿责任，目的是使双方回复到合同未缔结时的状态。因此不应适用可得利益赔偿的规定。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e2、损害由发生在合同履行阶段的违约行为所引起\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e我们知道，在合同缔结以及成立生效的不同阶段会产生不同的法律责任，依次为缔约过失责任（缔约阶段）、不得擅自变更解除责任（成立未生效阶段）、预期违约责任（生效阶段）、实际违约责任（履行阶段）以及违反后合同义务的法律责任（终止阶段）。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e《合同法》113条规定\u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003e一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026rdquo;可见，这里规定的是\u0026ldquo;实际违约责任\u0026rdquo;，即处于履行阶段的责任。那么，在其他任何阶段发生的责任均不能适用《合同法》113条，否则，将导致可得利益赔偿规则的滥用。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e司法实践中最常见的是：在合同被确认无效或被撤销的情况下，将违约方所应承担的信赖利益赔偿中的\u0026ldquo;其他合理的损失\u0026rdquo;任意界定为\u0026ldquo;可得利益\u0026rdquo;。这显然是不正确的，是典型的滥用可得利益赔偿规则。这一点我们在前面可得利益与信赖利益的区别中已经谈到，此处不赘。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e3、 损害结果不是由受损方的先违约行为所引发\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cspan align=\"left\" style=\"margin-bottom:10.5pt;margin:0cm;text-align:left;\"\u003e如果合同双方当事人均负有合同义务，一方的履行是另一方履行的前提，而负有先履行义务一方的违约导致了另一方违约，另一方的违约又造成了损害结果的发生。那么，受损方就丧失了损害赔偿请求权。因为受损方负有先履行合同的义务而没有履行，其在自己先违约的情况下，已经不能期待在合同完全履行的情况下可以获得的利益，如果法律保护其对这种利益的期待，无疑就是变相助长负有先履行合同\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n","content_en":"\u003cp\u003e01. What is the expected benefit\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eExpected benefits refer to the performance benefits that can be foreseen when the contract is concluded, also known as available benefits or indirect losses. Compensatory statutory damages in liability for breach of contract consist of actual losses and losses of expected benefits. Anticipated benefits are benefits that are reasonably foreseeable under normal circumstances, but need not necessarily be benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e02. How to compensate for the loss of expected benefits\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Profit loss\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eProfit is the property income obtained by the operator through certain production and operation activities, which is generally calculated and measured in currency. In my country, profits come from the fields of production and circulation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eEnterprises or various other operators are engaged in production and business activities, which is a condition for making profits. Regardless of breach of contract or infringement, it will cause the interruption of the operator\u0026#39;s production and business activities or the basis for engaging in such activities to a certain extent or within a certain range (ie property. ) and conditions, resulting in loss of profits. Loss of profit is the most typical, common and most numerous form of expected loss of profit.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe nature of profit determines that the victims of profit loss can only be corporate legal persons, other economic organizations, self-employed operators and contract operators engaged in certain production and business activities.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e(2) The loss of fruit (zī xī)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eA fruit is a gain produced by the original. When the illegal act causes damage to the property that can produce fruits under normal circumstances, it will also lead to the loss of fruits.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the point of view of civil law, there are natural fruits and legal fruits. Because natural breeding often has the characteristics of cycle and even increasing, such as female animals giving birth, hens laying eggs and so on. Therefore, there should be necessary and reasonable limitations on the scope of such losses.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eGenerally speaking, the loss of natural fruit should be limited to the loss directly related to the property itself or in the same production cycle, that is, only the fruit brought by the property itself (original) when the illegal damage occurs, such as the death of the female animal The young animals that were conceived when the fruit trees were damaged, the young fruit produced when the fruit trees were damaged, etc. As for the benefits that the victim may obtain in the subsequent cycle, it is generally not appropriate to compensate because there are not sufficient conditions for obtaining it when the damage occurs, and its scope cannot be estimated.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eStatutory fruits are based on the original property and multiply by a certain rate or a certain amount over time, such as interest, rent, etc. This loss range (loss amount) is easier to determine and calculate, and generally less controversial.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e(3) Loss of other income\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eIt mainly refers to the expected loss of profits caused by infringement of industrial property rights, including patent rights and trademark rights. Its characteristic is that the infringer does not cause direct damage to the property of the right holder, but manifests as illegally manufacturing or selling others\u0026#39; patented products or using others\u0026#39; registered trademarks without the right holder\u0026#39;s permission, so that the right holder is based on the patent and trademark rights. Earnings that can be obtained are not obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e(4) Relevant expenses for eliminating potential damage consequences\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn the compensation for the loss of expected benefits, the relevant expenses incurred by the victim in the future process to eliminate the potential harmful consequences caused by the illegal act shall also be included.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eTaking environmental pollution as an example, causing farmland pollution will not only reduce the yield and death of existing crops, but also cause the decline and loss of farmland fertility. To restore polluted farmland to its original soil quality and fertility, it must be improved and supplemented with fertilizers for a certain period of time. In the process of restoring soil fertility, the victims should not only get less income, but also need to increase a lot of manpower and material resources.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe human and material resources that the victim must expend in order to eliminate the potential pollution hazards should also be regarded as the loss of expected benefits, and the infringer should be compensated.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e03. Legal basis for expected benefit compensation\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhat are the conditions for the achievement of the expected benefit compensation, and what other conditions must be met in order to achieve the expected benefit compensation other than those few elements?\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the original \u0026quot;Economic Contract Law\u0026quot; and related laws, the expected benefits were originally excluded from the costs of engineering claims.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the \u0026quot;Contract Law\u0026quot; that came into effect on October 1, 1999 changed this situation, and its Article 13 stipulates: \u0026quot;If one party fails to perform the contractual obligations or the performance of the contractual obligations does not conform to the agreement, causing losses to the other party, the amount of compensation for losses shall be It is equivalent to the losses caused by the breach of contract, including the benefits that can be obtained after the performance of the contract, but shall not exceed the losses that the breaching party foresees or should have foreseen when the contract is concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eFor the first time, this provision clarifies that the expected benefits of domestic economic contracts can be claimed in the form of law, which lays a legal basis for the contractor to make claims for the expected benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e04. Conditions for the achievement of expected benefit compensation\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the promulgation of the \u0026quot;Contract Law\u0026quot;, there is indeed a certain guarantee for the compensation of the available benefits, but the application of Article 113 of the \u0026quot;Contract Law\u0026quot; in the complicated and various real situations is quite confusing, and some cases are even hilarious to read. . This poses a very urgent question to the majority of judicial workers, that is, under what circumstances can we apply this provision? Under what circumstances does it not apply at all?\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eBelow, we will elaborate on this issue.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eCompensation for available benefits is a remedy for one party\u0026rsquo;s breach of contract causing losses to the other party, so it is conceivable that the application of compensation for available benefits must first meet the constitutive elements of liability for breach of contract, that is:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e1. Breach of contract;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e2. Damage results;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e3. There is a causal relationship between the breach of contract and the damage result;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e4. The breaching party has no excuse for liability.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe above four requirements have been clearly discussed in the existing legal theory, so I will not repeat them here.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eBelow, we will analyze in detail the other conditions that need to be met in addition to the above four elements for the achievement of the expected benefit compensation:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e1. The contract is legal and valid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eA contract is legally valid means that the contract is a legally concluded contract that is normally concluded and has come into effect. Because only if the contract is legal and valid, the parties to the contract can expect the legitimate interests that may be obtained. If the contract is illegal or ineffective, or if it is invalid retroactively after its establishment, then the contract is not protected by law, or there is no possibility of being fully and properly performed, and no liability for breach of contract can arise. There can be no \u0026quot;benefits that can be obtained after the performance of the contract\u0026quot;. Even if the parties expect this kind of benefit, the law will not protect it. At this time, the purpose of compensation is to restore the injured party to the \u0026quot;original state\u0026quot;, not the \u0026quot;should state\u0026quot; after the performance of the contract.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eArticle 58 of the \u0026quot;Contract Law\u0026quot; clearly stipulates the liability for compensation in the case of invalidity or rescission of the contract. It can be seen from the content of this law that in this case of liability, compensation for available benefits should not be included. .\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, in judicial practice, it is not uncommon for cases to be awarded compensation for the loss of available benefits even when the contract is invalid. This happened in a case of pre-sale of commercial housing disputes ⑥ tried by the Higher People\u0026#39;s Court of Shandong Province. In this case, Company A and Company B jointly signed the \u0026quot;Group Pre-sale Agreement for Commercial Houses\u0026quot;. When the agreement was signed, Company A did not obtain the pre-sale license\u0026rdquo; and had not obtained it until the time of the prosecution. The Shandong Higher People\u0026#39;s Court ruled that the agreement was invalid because it violated the mandatory and prohibitive provisions of Article 44 of the \u0026quot;Urban Real Estate Management Law\u0026quot; and other laws and regulations, and at the same time, it ordered Company A to compensate Company B for losses of 10.61 million yuan (although the provincial high The court has never used the word \u0026quot;obtainable benefits\u0026quot; in its wording, but according to the content of its entire judgment and its calculation method, it is inferred that the compensation is the compensation for the available benefits.) It is undoubtedly unfounded by law. .\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn this case, both parties knew at the beginning of signing the pre-sale contract that the contract violated the mandatory provisions of the law and was invalid. Therefore, what they were expecting was an illegal interest that was not protected by law.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eFor the losses caused by the invalidity of the contract, both parties shall bear their respective responsibilities in accordance with Article 58 of the Contract Law. state at the time of conclusion. Therefore, the provision of compensation for entitlement should not apply.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e2. The damage is caused by the breach of contract that occurs in the performance stage of the contract\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eWe know that different legal responsibilities will arise in different stages of contract conclusion and establishment, which are in turn liability for negligence in contracting (contracting stage), non-authorized change and rescission liability (formation yet to take effect stage), expected liability for breach of contract (effective stage), actual liability Liability for breach of contract (performance stage) and legal liability for breach of post-contractual obligations (termination stage).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eArticle 113 of the \u0026quot;Contract Law\u0026quot; stipulates that \u0026quot;one party fails to perform the contractual obligations or the performance of the contractual obligations does not conform to the agreement...\u0026quot; It can be seen that what is stipulated here is the \u0026quot;actual liability for breach of contract\u0026quot;, that is, the liability in the performance stage. Then, the liability that occurs at any other stage cannot be applied to Article 113 of the Contract Law, otherwise, it will lead to the abuse of the rules of compensation for available benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe most common practice in judicial practice is to arbitrarily define \u0026quot;other reasonable losses\u0026quot; in the reliance interest compensation that the breaching party should bear as \u0026quot;obtainable benefits\u0026quot; when the contract is confirmed to be invalid or revoked. This is clearly incorrect and is a classic abuse of the AOB rule. We have already discussed this point in the difference between available interest and relied interest, so I will not repeat it here.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e3. The damage result is not caused by the aggrieved party\u0026#39;s first breach of contract\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eIf both parties to a contract have contractual obligations, one party\u0026#39;s performance is the premise of the other party\u0026#39;s performance, and the breach of the party who has the obligation to perform first leads to the breach of the other party, and the breach of the other party causes damage. Then, the injured party loses the right to claim damages. Because the injured party has the obligation to perform the contract first and fails to perform it, if it breaches the contract first, it can no longer expect the benefits that can be obtained from the full performance of the contract. If the law protects its expectations for such benefits, Undoubtedly, it is disguised to promote the obligation to perform the contract first.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n","_type":"继来法视界","position":0,"created_at":"2021-01-12T17:07:07.851+08:00","updated_at":"2020-12-23T11:07:00.000+08:00","pv":20534,"abstract_zh":"预期利益，指缔约时可以预见到的履行利益，又称可得利益或间接损失。违约责任中补偿性法定赔偿金由实际损失和预期利益的损失构成。预期利益是在正常情况下可以合理预见的利益，但并不必须是必定发生的利益。","abstract_en":"Expected benefits refer to the performance benefits that can be foreseen when the contract is concluded, also known as available benefits or indirect losses. Compensatory statutory damages in liability for breach of contract consist of actual losses and losses of expected benefits. Anticipated benefits are benefits that are reasonably foreseeable under normal circumstances, but need not necessarily be benefits.","link":""}