{"id":127,"thumbnail":"https://jilailawyer.com//rails/active_storage/blobs/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaHBBbUVCIiwiZXhwIjpudWxsLCJwdXIiOiJibG9iX2lkIn19--5db7e18e89ebcfb7545830f348e3af4675f6f493/23123123.jpg","title_zh":"个人倒卖医用口罩的行为是否构成违法犯罪？","title_en":"Does personal resale of medical masks constitute a crime?","content_zh":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e在当下疫情依然严峻的紧张形势下，医用口罩在我们的日常生活中起到了不可或缺的主要防护作用，就在这口罩相关医疗物资相对紧缺的期间内，我们经常会在微信小程序、朋友圈等社交软件上，看到有很多人开始发布医用口罩、医用防护服等医疗器材的售卖消息，那我们不禁要问，这些相对专业的医疗物资真的可以公开倒卖吗？下面就为大家全面详解一下。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e在2020年1月30日，国家卫健委发布的《新型冠状病毒感染不同风险人群防护指南》中第四条可以得知，对于公共交通工具司乘人员、出租车司机、公共场所服务人员等特定行业人员，其所在单位应为其配置一次性使用医用口罩或医用外科口罩或KN95/N95及以上颗粒物防护口罩，工作期间应做好个人防护，规范佩戴口罩上岗。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e可见上述若干种类的口罩在疫情传播期间对我们有着较好的防范作用。且根据同时发布的《预防新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎口罩使用指南》中佩戴原则的第五项可知，棉纱口罩、海绵口罩和活性炭口罩对预防病毒感染无保护作用。并且在推荐的口罩类型中明确写明，\u003cstrong\u003e推荐佩戴使用的口罩分为\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e一次性使用医用口罩、医用外科口罩、KN95/N95及以上颗粒物防护口罩、医用防护口罩四个类别\u003c/strong\u003e，相对应使用对象的不同而有所区分，这样的规定梳理让我们对于口罩的分类和作用来说有了一定程度的了解。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e那么上述的这四类口罩是否就属于我们通常所说的医用口罩范围呢？\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e根据国家食品药品监督管理总局2014年9月30日发布的《国家重点监管医疗器械目录》（2014修订）第九条第八款标明为医用防护口罩、医用防护服；并根据国家食品药品监督管理总局2017年11月17日发布的《医疗器械经营监督管理办法》第四条，与国务院2017年5月4日发布的《医疗器械监督管理条例》第四条规定，\u003cstrong\u003e售卖医用口罩、医用防护服的企业，是需要有一定标准要求的经营资质，并且需要经过严格的登记备案手续才可以进行的。\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e根据《医疗器械监督管理条例》相关规定可以得知，从事医疗器械经营活动，应当有与经营规模和经营范围相适应的经营场所和贮存条件，以及与经营的医疗器械相适应的质量管理制度和质量管理机构或者人员，并且如果要从事第二类医疗器械经营的，还需要由经营企业向所在地设区的市级人民政府食品药品监督管理部门备案，并提交其相对应条件的证明资料，经过严格地审查备案许可的相关流程手续，才可以取得相应医疗器械经营备案凭证，并从事相关医疗器械的对外售卖等经营活动。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e那么可以得知，\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e售卖医用口罩、医用防护服的经营主体应当是取得营业执照的企业单位，并且该企业单位还需要经过审查备案许可手续，并取得相应的经营备案凭证，个人主体是不能从事该类经营行为的，否则就有可能存在以下形式的法律风险：\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e行政法律风险\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003e国务院2017年8月6日发布的《无证无照经营查处办法》规定：经营者未依法取得营业执照从事经营活动的，由履行工商行政管理职责的部门（以下称工商行政管理部门）予以查处。从事无照经营的，由工商行政管理部门依照相关法律、行政法规的规定予以处罚。法律、行政法规对无照经营的处罚没有明确规定的，\u003cstrong\u003e由工商行政管理部门责令停止违法行为，没收违法所得，并处1万元以下的罚款\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e。\u003c/strong\u003e所以个人主体或经营者在未取得相应执照凭证的情况下，通过发布微信群、朋友圈等网络途径形式进行医用口罩、医用防护服的售卖行为，该行为的涉案款物有可能会被相关行政机关进行强制收缴，并处以一定数额罚款等方面的法律风险。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e刑事法律风险\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003e2020年2月6日最高法、最高检、公安部、司法部联合发布的《关于依法惩治妨害新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情防控违法犯罪的意见》中明确规定：在疫情防控期间，生产不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医用口罩、护目镜、防护服等医用器材，或者销售明知是不符合标准的医用器材，足以严重危害人体健康的，依照刑法第一百四十五条的规定，\u003cstrong\u003e以生产、销售不符合标准的医用器材罪定罪处罚\u003c/strong\u003e。在疫情防控期间，违反国家有关市场经营、价格管理等规定，囤积居奇，哄抬疫情防控急需的口罩、护目镜、防护服、消毒液等防护用品、药品或者其他涉及民生的物品价格，牟取暴利，违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节，严重扰乱市场秩序的，依照刑法第二百二十五条第四项的规定，\u003cstrong\u003e以非法经营罪定罪处罚\u003c/strong\u003e。另外根据行为人的犯罪行为情节，具体情况的不同，还有可能构成\u003cstrong\u003e诈骗罪、生产、销售伪劣产品罪等相关罪名\u003c/strong\u003e。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003e所以个人销售医用口罩、医用防护服的行为，无论来源途径是否正当、质量是否符合国家标准，或是否存在囤积居奇、哄抬物价等行为的发生，都是有承担行政责任的处罚风险，甚至涉嫌刑事责任的追究。在此特别奉劝各位，违法的事情不要做，\u003cstrong\u003e法律敏感地带莫伸手，伸手必被捉。\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n","content_en":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eUnder the tense situation where the current epidemic situation is still severe, medical masks have played an indispensable and main protective role in our daily life. During this period when medical supplies related to masks are relatively in short supply, we often use WeChat mini-programs, friends On social software such as circles, we see that many people have begun to publish news about the sale of medical masks, medical protective clothing and other medical equipment, so we can\u0026rsquo;t help but ask, can these relatively professional medical materials really be sold publicly? The following is a comprehensive explanation for you.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eOn January 30, 2020, Article 4 of the \u0026quot;Guidelines for the Protection of People with Different Risks of Novel Coronavirus Infection\u0026quot; issued by the National Health and Medical Commission can be learned that for public transport drivers, taxi drivers, public place service personnel, etc. For personnel in specific industries, their units should be equipped with disposable medical masks or medical surgical masks or KN95/N95 and above particulate protective masks. Personal protection should be done during work, and masks should be worn on the job.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eIt can be seen that the above-mentioned types of masks have a good preventive effect on us during the spread of the epidemic. And according to the fifth item of wearing principles in the \u0026quot;Guidelines for the Use of Pneumonia Masks for Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection\u0026quot; released at the same time, cotton gauze masks, sponge masks and activated carbon masks have no protective effect on preventing virus infection. And it is clearly stated in the recommended mask types that the recommended masks are divided into four categories: disposable medical masks, medical surgical masks, KN95/N95 and above particulate protective masks, and medical protective masks. Different and differentiated, such a combing of regulations gives us a certain degree of understanding of the classification and function of masks.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eSo do the above four types of masks belong to the scope of what we usually call medical masks?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eAccording to Article 9, Paragraph 8 of the \u0026quot;Catalogue of National Key Supervision Medical Devices\u0026quot; (revised in 2014) issued by the State Food and Drug Administration on September 30, 2014, it is marked as medical protective masks and medical protective clothing; and according to the State Food and Drug Administration Article 4 of the \u0026quot;Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices\u0026quot; issued by the General Administration on November 17, 2017, and Article 4 of the \u0026quot;Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices\u0026quot; issued by the State Council on May 4, 2017 stipulate that the sale of medical masks, medical protective clothing An enterprise needs to have certain standard business qualifications, and it needs to go through strict registration and filing procedures before it can be carried out.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eAccording to the relevant provisions of the \u0026quot;Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices\u0026quot;, it can be known that to engage in medical device business activities, there should be business premises and storage conditions suitable for the business scale and business scope, as well as the quality management system and quality management system suitable for the business medical devices. Quality management institutions or personnel, and if they want to engage in the business of Class II medical devices, the business enterprise needs to file with the food and drug supervision and administration department of the people\u0026#39;s government of the city divided into districts where it is located, and submit the certification materials of its corresponding conditions. Only by strictly reviewing the relevant procedures and procedures of the filing license, can you obtain the corresponding medical device business filing certificate, and engage in business activities such as the external sales of related medical devices.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eThen it can be known that the business entity that sells medical masks and medical protective clothing should be an enterprise unit that has obtained a business license, and the enterprise unit also needs to go through the review and filing permit procedures and obtain the corresponding business filing certificate. similar business behaviors, otherwise there may be legal risks in the following forms:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eAdministrative legal risks: The \u0026quot;Measures for Investigation and Punishment of Unlicensed and Unlicensed Business Operations\u0026quot; issued by the State Council on August 6, 2017 stipulates that if an operator engages in business activities without obtaining a business license in accordance with the law, the department performing the duties of industry and commerce administration (hereinafter referred to as the administration for industry and commerce) shall be responsible for conducting business operations. department) to be investigated. Those who engage in unlicensed business operations shall be punished by the administrative department for industry and commerce in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations. If the laws and administrative regulations do not clearly stipulate the punishment for operating without a license, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to stop the illegal act, confiscate the illegal income, and impose a fine of less than 10,000 yuan. Therefore, without obtaining the corresponding license certificate, the individual subject or operator sells medical masks and medical protective clothing through online channels such as WeChat groups and Moments. The authorities carry out compulsory collection and impose a certain amount of fines and other legal risks.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eCriminal legal risks: On February 6, 2020, the \u0026quot;Opinions on Punishing Illegal Crimes Obstructing the Prevention and Control of the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic\u0026quot; jointly issued by the Supreme People\u0026#39;s Court, the Supreme People\u0026#39;s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice clearly stipulates that: During the period, if the production of medical equipment such as medical masks, goggles, protective clothing and other medical equipment that does not meet the national and industrial standards for protecting human health, or the sale of medical equipment that clearly does not meet the standards, which is enough to seriously endanger human health, the criminal law shall be subject to Article 100 of the Criminal Law. Article 45 stipulates that the crime of producing and selling medical equipment that does not meet the standards shall be convicted and punished. During the epidemic prevention and control period, violating the relevant national regulations on market operation and price management, hoarding excessively, driving up the prices of masks, goggles, protective clothing, disinfectants and other protective supplies, medicines, or other items related to people\u0026#39;s livelihood that are urgently needed for epidemic prevention and control, and making huge profits If the amount of illegal gains is relatively large or there are other serious circumstances that seriously disrupt the market order, they shall be convicted and punished for the crime of illegal business operations in accordance with the provisions of item 4 of Article 225 of the Criminal Law. In addition, according to the circumstances of the perpetrator\u0026#39;s criminal behavior and the specific circumstances, there may also be related crimes such as the crime of fraud, the crime of producing and selling fake and shoddy products, etc.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;\"\u003eTherefore, the behavior of individuals selling medical masks and medical protective clothing, regardless of whether the source is legitimate, whether the quality meets the national standards, or whether there is hoarding, price gouging, etc., is the risk of being punished by administrative responsibility, or even suspected of criminal responsibility. \u0026#39;s pursuit. I hereby advise you not to do anything illegal, and don\u0026#39;t reach out in sensitive areas of the law, as you will be caught if you reach out.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n","_type":"继来法视界","position":7,"created_at":"2020-09-27T19:02:50.025+08:00","updated_at":"2020-12-09T15:20:00.000+08:00","pv":18991,"abstract_zh":"在当下疫情依然严峻的紧张形势下，医用口罩在我们的日常生活中起到了不可或缺的主要防护作用，就在这口罩相关医疗物资相对紧缺的期间内，我们经常会在微信小程序、朋友圈等社交软件上，看到有很多人开始发布医用口罩、医用防护服等医疗器材的售卖消息，那我们不禁要问，这些相对专业的医疗物资真的可以公开倒卖吗？下面就为大家全面详解一下。","abstract_en":"Under the tense situation where the current epidemic situation is still severe, medical masks have played an indispensable and main protective role in our daily life. During this period when medical supplies related to masks are relatively in short supply, we often use WeChat mini-programs, friends On social software such as circles, we see that many people have begun to publish news about the sale of medical masks, medical protective clothing and other medical equipment, so we can’t help but ask, can these relatively professional medical materials really be sold publicly? The following is a comprehensive explanation for you.","link":""}